Predicting the negative effects of periodontal disease and smoking on liver functions and blood biochemical parameters: A correlational study

Abstract

This study aimed to verify the correlation between periodontal disease, liver function, and blood parameters to shed light on the potential future interactions among these factors and determine whether smoking plays a role in this relationship.
Materials and methods.
The study included 50 male, 25 smokers with periodontal disease, and 25 non-smokers with periodontal disease, aged 20—50 years. The clinical periodontal parameters pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were determined using William’s periodontal probe, and 6 sites around each tooth (mesiobuccal, mid-buccal, distobuccal, mesiolingual, mid-lingual, and distolingual) were detected.
Results.
The results showed a significant increase in bleeding (p=0.004), CAL (p<0.001), and PD (p<0.001) in smokers compared with non-smokers. There were substantial differences between smokers and non-smokers with a significant increase in AST and ALT in smokers rather than in non-smokers in relation to clinical periodontal parameters. For smokers, there was a positive correlation between both CAL and PD with AST and ALT (r=0.30—0.71, p<0.05). A positive correlation between bleeding, CAL, and PD with WBCs (r=0.34, 0.57, 0.50), Neu (r=0.67, 0.40, 0.48), Lym (r=0.48, 0.37, 0.39), and Plt (r=0.55, 0.38, 0.38); there was also a significant positive correlation between CAL and bleeding with WBCs (r=0.34, 0.63, 0.30), Neu (r=0.30, 0.39), Lym (r=0.41, 0.53), and Plt (r= 0.49, 0.45) in non-smokers, respectively.
Conclusion.
The analysis revealed a significant difference in liver enzyme levels between smokers and non-smokers with periodontal disease, and hematological parameters could predict periodontitis.